Protection of nature, historical and cultural monuments

The forest is your green friend. Do not cut down trees and bushes for poles and stakes for tents, do not break branches to make huts, bedding, etc. In case of emergency, you can only cut off the side branches, but in no case the top. For fires, only dead wood and, in some cases, dead wood should be used. In habitable places, it is recommended to use air mattresses, camp fires, kerosene stoves, gas stoves, etc.

NATURE CONSERVATION

Careful attitude towards vegetation

You should especially avoid cutting and damaging trees and shrubs on the slopes of ravines and hills - they help strengthen the soil and prevent erosion.

When traveling through the forests of recreation areas, you should remember that they are the green screen of the city, its “lungs” and decoration. Here a tourist must take care of every tree, every bush and flower. After all, they clean the air of dust and harmful microbes, enrich it with oxygen, and give joy and health to many thousands of citizens.

You cannot harm the forest at its borders, edges and clearings; Woody vegetation on the banks of rivers should be especially protected: it secures the banks and maintains the fullness and purity of water arteries.

Don't pick flowers. They add beauty and charm to our meadows, fields and forests. Don't tear them just for fun. It’s another matter if you want to create a herbarium according to an assignment or decorate your room with a small bouquet of fresh flowers. It is better to collect them on the way back, returning from a hike, and in buds. Picking flowers in order to throw them on the road or immediately upon returning home is unacceptable wastefulness. Do not break off branches of bird cherry, rowan, viburnum, rose hips and other trees and shrubs.

It is unacceptable to pick flowers that are rare in many places, such as lilies, water lilies, rhododendron, edelweiss and others; collect plants listed in the “Red Book” of nature.

Pick mushrooms skillfully. A mushroom is only a modified form of a plant - a mycelium found in the soil. Therefore, you cannot pull out mushrooms by their roots, that is, destroy the mycelium. Mushroom pickers who have plucked and not cut mushrooms in their baskets, or who first pick mushrooms and then cut off the end of the stem, spoil and impoverish nature.

Compliance with fire regulations

Do not light fires unless necessary. Remember: one small spark or ember can start a large fire. The black mark from a fire that gave you pleasure for one or two hours will disfigure the area for many years.

Strictly observe fire safety measures: light fires only in designated places, and when leaving, carefully extinguish the fires, making sure that all smoldering stops. If there is no water nearby, you need to trample the remains of the fire until even a small smoke disappears.

Having noticed a forest fire starting, immediately begin to extinguish it using the available means: knock out the fire with a storm cloth, a towel, a bunch of fresh leafy branches, cover with earth, sand, pieces of turf, and fill with water.

If the fire managed to rise from the ground and began to spread from tree to tree, then the tourist group can no longer cope with the crown fire - they must run for help.

Maintaining cleanliness and silence

Do not litter tourist routes, bivouac sites and other countryside recreation areas. When leaving a rest stop, destroy or take with you garbage and scraps of paper. Burn the cans over a fire, flatten them and bury them along with other fireproof waste in a secluded place, or, even better, also take them with you to throw them in a trash bin or other specially designated place.

Never break bottles or other glassware. Remember that discarded paper does not rot for two years; a broken bottle or can can injure your leg even after forty years.

If you want to hear the singing of birds, the murmuring of a stream, the rustling of leaves, see an elk or a squirrel, or truly relax in the forest - do not turn on the transistor, do not create unnecessary noise.

About the benefits of animals

Treat all living creatures with care: mammals, birds, fish, amphibians, insects. In most cases, they bring benefits by participating in the great process of nature's circulation. Even if you “don’t like” this or that animal for some reason, this cannot serve as a basis for its persecution or destruction. Thus, snakes that destroy mouse-like animals, toads that destroy harmful insects, and earthworms that “plow” the earth are useful.

In the forest, you should try to walk only on paths. The forest is full of life and you can easily crush a living creature. If you accidentally stumble upon a nest or hole, do not touch it, do not move branches and grass - you will spoil the camouflage or scare away the animals. If you find a poorly flying chick or a helpless animal cub on a hike, leave it in the forest. His parents are probably nearby who will take care of him, and in a city apartment it is usually difficult for a forest animal to survive.

Many insects need the care of tourists. For example, ants are forest nurses who loosen the soil and carry plant seeds. The more anthills there are in the forest, the healthier the forest. Ants destroy up to a quarter of a ton of pests from one hectare of forest area per year. You cannot destroy the nests of bumblebees and bees, or chase bright butterflies and dragonflies with a net. As a rule, all colorful butterflies are important pollinators, and dragonflies are useful because they kill mosquitoes.

Compliance with hunting and fishing rules

Tourists should be aware that hunting of all wild animals and birds that can be used for the national economy is permitted only to members of the hunting society. Being in a hunting area with weapons, dogs and fishing gear is equated by law to hunting.

When going on a hike, you need to establish in advance whether the travel area is closed for hunting (reserve, green zone), whether the travel dates correspond to the periods of permitted hunting, whether there are any special instructions from the local hunting inspectorate to reduce hunting periods, which animals in the area are additionally included in the list of animals subject to protection, and what restrictions exist on the use of fishing gear. It should be remembered that only very rare pest predators, such as the wolf, must be destroyed throughout the year.

Sometimes stray dogs join tourist groups on hikes. They are enemies of animals and birds, especially during the period of mass incubation of eggs and feeding of young animals. Therefore, such dogs must be driven away from the group.

Switch from rifle hunting to bloodless photo hunting. Tourist photographers know that it is more difficult and athletic than the first, and its trophies are more honorable and durable.

Bird conservation

Do not touch birds of prey. Most of our bird predators are useful by destroying agricultural pests and carriers of infections. Under no circumstances should their nests be destroyed or the chicks disturbed. If you accidentally expose the nest, restore its previous camouflage.

The only harmful birds include marsh harrier, hawks, and in some places kites. The harm of other birds of prey (eagles, falcons, owls, etc.) in most cases is far outweighed by the benefit they bring by destroying mice and other small rodents. Inexperienced tourists should avoid touching birds of prey unless they are sure they are dealing with harmful predators.

Take care of starlings, rooks, jackdaws, and sparrows. They bring benefits by destroying harmful insects. In corn-growing areas, rooks can be harmful at some points, as they peck seedlings, but they still need to be repelled rather than destroyed, since they eat soil pests that are difficult to exterminate by chemical means. In the European part of the USSR, the city sparrow is man's friend. Among birds, he is the main defender of green spaces. The tree sparrow destroys pests of trees, in particular fruit trees, but at the time of harvesting grain it can also eat grain. Later it feeds on weeds. Just like the rook, it should not be destroyed during the ripening period of grain, but should be scared away.

If possible, then during the trip it is useful to build and install birdhouses and nest boxes for birds.

Forest pest control

The duty of a tourist is not only to avoid causing damage to nature, he is obliged to actively fight the enemies of the forest himself. In some years, insect pests multiply in forests and can destroy foliage or needles over an area of ​​several square kilometers. In deciduous forests these are gypsy moths, oak moths, willow moths, lacewings, winter spinners, and red-tailed moths.

The butterflies of these insects are usually white, yellowish, or gray in color. In coniferous forests there are pine and Siberian silkworms, nun silkworms, pine cutworms, and pine spinners. Butterflies have grayish-blue wings, sometimes with spots and stripes. Pests of coniferous plants are bark beetles, longhorned beetles, weevils, sawflies and others. Their appearance should be reported to village councils and forestries.

This should also be done if tourists cannot figure out what kind of insect (friend or enemy) they are dealing with, but note its mass reproduction. Interested organizations - forest districts, collective farms, district executive committees should also be informed about the mass flight of butterflies, their egg laying on trees and in other places; the presence of caterpillars, larvae, pupae, cocoons, spider nests on trees, bushes and in the soil; massive damage to foliage and needles, drying out of young growth, seedlings, rotting of seedlings, etc.

Rules for visiting protected natural areas

When planning a travel route, you should determine in advance whether it passes through protected natural areas - nature reserves, protected areas, national parks, natural monuments - and what restrictions there are for visiting them.

If tourists are going to visit a state reserve, then they must first contact its directorate, find out the possibilities of inspection and obtain permission. You can move around the protected area only in strict accordance with the route proposed in the reserve, strictly observing all the rules of conduct established there. It should be remembered that nature reserves are scientific institutions, laboratories in nature. They are not for mass tourism.

Visiting nature reserves, territories where certain types of economic activity are temporarily or permanently prohibited), protected areas and natural monuments also requires coordination of the route with environmental organizations and at some time (for example, during fish migration to spawn, birds hatching chicks or during a particularly fire-hazardous period of the year) tourists may be prohibited.

National (natural) parks and such types of protected landscapes as green belts, forested areas, resort areas, as a rule, are always open to tourists. At the same time, even in them it is necessary to obey the established visiting rules: move along special paths, stop for the night only in designated bivouac clearings, etc.

Legal protection of nature

For violation of established environmental management rules, tourists can be brought to administrative, financial and criminal liability.

For violating fire safety rules in the forest, a fine of up to 10 rubles may be imposed. for individual tourist violators and up to 50 rubles. to the group leader.

For each felled tree with a diameter of up to 12 cm inclusive (the diameter is determined by the stump), the violator in the RSFSR must pay 11 rubles, with a diameter, for example, from 20.1 to 24 cm - 29 rubles, from 32.1 to 36 cm - 59 rubles. etc. For each bush cut down, 8 rubles are charged. These prices apply to forests in green zones around cities, resort forests, soil protection and field protection forests, nature reserves, ribbon forests in Western Siberia, and steppe forests. Some trees: cedar, oak, hardwood, walnut, fruit trees, wherever they were cut down, are also paid according to these standards.

The so-called damage to the forest to the point of cessation of growth is also equivalent to felling, regardless of whether the possibility of regrowth from the damaged trees remains. Therefore, stripped birch trunks and broken tops of spruce trees are subject to the same punishment as complete felling of trees. In more serious cases, illegal logging is punishable by up to one year in prison.

It must be remembered that the unauthorized use of windfall and windfall trees for tourist bonfires, the cutting of dead wood or the use of already cut down trees is punishable: they are punishable by a fine calculated according to the taxes in force in the area for unauthorized cutting of trees, halved.

Violations of hunting rules are punishable by a fine of up to 20 rubles, and those committed repeatedly or with serious consequences are punishable by imprisonment for up to one year. Regardless of this liability, the perpetrators are required to compensate for the damage caused. The taxes in force in the RSFSR provide, for example, for a hedgehog - 5 rubles, a hare - 20 rubles, a beaver - 400 rubles, for the production of an otter, fox, marten and some other animals, three times the cost of procurement prices for first-grade skins is charged, and for most other fur-bearing animals - five times the cost.

Causing harm to anthills is severely punished. For such violations committed in the forests of the green zone, depending on the diameter of the anthill, it is necessary to collect from 20 to 229 rubles. for each damaged or destroyed anthill.

If a tourist group violates the fishing rules, then individual tourists may be fined up to 10 rubles, and the group leader - up to 50 rubles.

Violations of fishing regulations are also subject to the Criminal Code, which carries penalties of up to one year in prison. In addition, for each illegally caught or damaged fish (regardless of its weight and size) the following penalties are imposed: for bream, mullet, ram, roach - 2 rubles, vendace, pike perch, carp, asp - 3 rubles, omul, eel - 10 rubles, chum salmon, pink salmon, muksun - 30 rubles, salmon, salmon. nelma - 75 rubles, sturgeon - 100 rubles, beluga - 400 rubles.

Tourist - friend of nature

Respectful and caring attitude towards nature is one of the main rules of behavior for tourists. Never forget that when traveling you are visiting your true friend - nature. Therefore, do not do anything that you would consider indecent to do at a party.

Of course, “tattooing” trees and rocks is unacceptable. Only uncultured people can afford to scratch with a knife, cut out with an ax, paint or pencil their names, initials or other inscriptions.

While traveling, resolutely stop poaching, and deliver the poachers themselves and their illegal weapons to local authorities; stop unauthorized forest cutters;

report to the press about cases of river or atmosphere pollution by industrial waste and achieve the launch of treatment plants; Do not allow other tourists or vacationers to destroy the forest, pollute springs, or light fires in inappropriate places.

Tourists should also report to the press about swamping of land, soil erosion, shallowing of rivers and reservoirs, and the destruction of forests, lakes, and ponds necessary for workers’ recreation near populated areas. We must fight for landscaping, the allocation of the necessary areas for natural (national) parks, nature reserves and sanctuaries, and the observance of the correct regime in them.

It is a matter of honor for every tourist to become a member of the Nature Conservation Society and actively participate in its work.

PROTECTION OF HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL MONUMENTS

The importance of monuments for tourists

Tourist travel routes include visits and inspection of certain monuments and memorable places. It should be remembered that in our country, in accordance with the Law on the Protection and Use of Historical and Cultural Monuments, these objects are a national property and should serve the purposes of the development of science, public education and culture, ideological, moral, international and aesthetic education.

Types of historical and cultural monuments

Historical and cultural monuments include:

historical monuments - buildings, structures, memorable places and objects associated with the most important historical events, the development of society and the state, the revolutionary movement, the Great October Socialist Revolution, the Civil and Great Patriotic Wars, socialist and communist construction, as well as the development of science and technology, the culture and way of life of peoples, with the lives of outstanding political, state, military figures, national heroes, figures of science, literature and art;

monuments of art - works of monumental, fine, decorative and applied and other types of art;

monuments of architecture and urban planning - civil structures. industrial, military, religious architecture, folk architecture; architectural ensembles and complexes, historical centers, neighborhoods, squares, streets, remains of ancient planning and development of cities and other settlements;

archaeological monuments - ancient settlements, burial mounds, remains of ancient settlements, fortifications, industries, canals, roads, ancient burial places, stone sculptures, rock carvings, ancient objects.

Depending on the specific circumstances, other objects encountered during travel that are of historical, scientific, artistic or other cultural value may also be classified as historical and cultural monuments, depending on specific circumstances.

About caring for monuments

When examining historical and cultural monuments, it is necessary to show high consciousness, maintain cleanliness, silence and order. You should not set up a tourist camp near monuments, or hold noisy gatherings or games. Attempts by individual undisciplined tourists to leave their autographs on the monument must be stopped immediately.

It is unacceptable to take anything “as a souvenir” from architectural monuments. A piece of platband, an element of wooden ornament, a chip of an ancient brick will turn into just a souvenir or an unnecessary toy at home, and the monument will lose a lot.

You should know that monuments (including various structures, memorial sites, individual objects) can be owned either by state, cooperative and public organizations, or in the personal property of individual citizens. At the same time, the sale, donation or any other alienation of historical and cultural monuments is permitted only with mandatory prior notification to the state authorities for the protection of monuments. Therefore, the appropriation or unauthorized transfer (even to replenish the exposition of a tourist club museum) of objects of historical or artistic value is excluded.

Collecting ancient documentary monuments, works of ancient painting and ancient decorative and applied art is permitted only with special permissions obtained through archival authorities and bodies of the Union Ministries of Culture.

Travelers cannot, through their actions, change the natural environment, the landscape, which, as a rule, forms a single whole with architectural monuments. After all, it is the monument and the land on which it arose, woven by close centuries-old ties, that make the strongest impression on a person. Change the surrounding nature through deforestation, fires, and unkempt camp sites, and the monument will lose its strength and beauty.

Independent excavations and exploration of archaeological sites by tourists are excluded. These works are allowed only with special permits (so-called open sheets).

Exploration and registration of historical and cultural monuments

Tourists can also bring significant benefits through exploration; unaccounted for historical and cultural monuments, making proposals for the creation of protective zones and reserves in the area where monuments are concentrated. In the conditions of tourist travel, most often these will not be large structures, but small objects such as individual buildings, historical farmsteads, forest shelters, partisan dugouts, old dams, mills, adits, barns, etc.

While traveling, it is easy to organize a survey of the local population to identify antiquities, works of fine and decorative art, manuscripts, collections, rare printed publications and other objects and documents worthy of being classified as historical and cultural monuments. At the same time, all newly identified objects that may be of historical, scientific, artistic value, pending the decision on whether to accept them for state registration as historical and cultural monuments, are subject to protection in accordance with the requirements of the law.

Tourist groups wishing to search for historical and cultural monuments should first consult with the local branches of the Society for the Preservation of Historical and Cultural Monuments. If necessary, you can get advice from leading research organizations: institutes of history and archeology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, art history of the USSR Ministry of Culture.

When searching for monuments, tourists must use a special description form (monument passport). In the absence of this, for initial registration, one can limit oneself to photographs (or sketches) from the most characteristic points showing the general appearance and typical details of the monument, simple measurement drawings (for example, a hand drawing of the monument and a step-by-step schematic plan of the area where the monument is located) and a brief description of the monument indicating its condition, modern use, and the presence of protection. These documents must contain information about the person who discovered the monument, as well as about local residents from whose words its description was made.

Participation of tourists in the protection of monuments

One of the possible instructions for tourists is to check the safety of memorial sites associated with the life and work of outstanding political figures, military leaders, famous scientists, writers, artists, musicians, Heroes of the Soviet Union and Heroes of Socialist Labor.

The task of travelers is to provide timely information to interested organizations about violations in the protection of historical and cultural heritage noticed along the route. Following such signals, monuments that are not used in accordance with their nature and purpose, and even more so in danger of being damaged or destroyed, can be confiscated from a careless institution. In court, a monument can also be confiscated from an individual citizen if the latter does not ensure its safety.

Travelers should be aware that the use of historical and cultural monuments for tourism purposes is specifically stipulated by law, and, if necessary, raise questions about this with the relevant organizations. At the same time, the use of monuments for economic and other purposes is permitted provided that this does not damage the preservation of the monuments and does not violate their historical and artistic value. In this regard, any unauthorized restoration, change in the appearance of monuments, their alteration and arbitrary “improvement” is prohibited. Various types of restoration, conservation and repair of monuments are carried out with the knowledge of government agencies and under their control. Consequently, a useful initiative of tourists aimed at providing patronage assistance to any historical site in need of repair along the route must be coordinated with the relevant authorities and, first of all, with the local Councils of People's Deputies.

Tourists should not calmly ignore the facts of thoughtless nihilism in relation to the preservation of the cultural heritage of the past. An example of a personal exemplary attitude towards monuments, the manifestation of business concern for their preservation, performances with well-prepared conversations, lectures, and explanatory work during travel help local residents to realize the value of familiar and, unfortunately, sometimes indifferently and ignorantly ignored works of folk talent, and help teach people to preserve the beauty of their native land.