Books about Backpacking

THE LITERATURE

1. Zlatsen T.Karmannyj the manual of the tourist. - М.:-Профиздат, 1963.

2. The satellite of the tourist. Izd. 3. - M.: FiS, 1969.

3. The tourist (Library of the tourist). - M.: FiS, 1974.

4. Berman A.E.juvenile the tourist. - M.: FiS, 1977.

5. Bardin K.V.alphabet of tourism. - M.: Education, 1981.
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Autoclaves

With dropping temperature of air, with rise on height and decrease of atmospheric pressure the boiling point of water decreases. Process of cooking thus is tightened(delayed), spent more than fuel, quality of peep worsens.

Hermetically closed casseroles-pressure cookers, that is autoclaves, help(assist) with these events to mountain tourists, to skiers, climbers to avoid all these nuisances.
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Tourist kerosene stoves

      At long travel to lack of forests normally take with itself kerosene stoves (type "Bumblebee" or "Tourist") with a stock of gasoline in canisters on 5 or 10 l. Petrol kerosene stoves have received the greatest diffusion among tourists and climbers. Kerosene stoves of type "Bumblebee" have vertical, and type "Tourist" - horizontal configuration.
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Marching Ovens

Dryings of equipment and cooking are applied in winter hikes on forest regions to heating tents. At a burning oven in tent happens warmly even at the big frost. The design of marching furnaces depends on type and the size of tents. In small tents it is possible to use only pendant ovens for heating, in more spacious - floor-stand for heating and, probably, for cooking nutrition.

The industry practically does not let out(release) any portable(transportable) ovens for tourists. Therefore all the ovens applied by tourists in hikes, basically self-made.
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Sleeping bags

Lungs, compact, comfortable bags well saving warmly are necessary for high-grade rest(tour). They should to be dried and be quickly convenient at transportation. The best thermal insulation is the down of a waterfowl(water fowl) and synthetic volumetric materials.

The down is soft, has good thermal insulation, but is hygroscopic and is easily rumpled, why thermal insulation worsens.
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Tents

The general(common) demands to any tents is a small weight, a waterproof, good thermal insulation, a windproof, speed of the equipment(installation) and disassembly, comfort, durability, convenience of a transferring in a backpack, security from penetration of midges.

The industry does not satisfy various demand of tourists and climbers for tents, therefore the majority of designs - self-made.

For manufacturing tent first of all it is necessary to make the technical project, to define(determine) the purpose of its(her) future utilization. Designs of tents are various - from the idle time, facilitated, for easy travel, up to complex(difficult) framed.
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Campfire facilities

Campfire facilities(economy) are fittings for suspension or the equipments(installations) of buckets of boilers, casseroles, more oppositely; it also cooking utensils, marching axes, saws, etc.

Most - rogatinu 70-80 sm - drive in the simple fitting in height into land on distance about 1 m from the center of a fire. On rogatinu put a pole which one extremity(end) press down a stone or drive in into land, and on another hang up a bucket or a casserole so that the flame of a fire covered a bottom(fundus) of utensils and its(her) side walls. On such fitting it is possible to hang no more than two capacities for cooking.
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Protection against midges and insects. Safety. Putting off(taking out) of camp

The midges and insects - mosquitoes, flies, midges, slepni, botflies, wood lice, a tong, mosquitoes - can deliver a lot of trouble in a hike. Heкоторые from them are, besides, and carriers of causative bacteria.

What insects and when are most active?

Slepni are most active at solar weather, midges - all about light day, mokretsy and mosquitoes - all day and night. Protect from them clothes, various insectifuges, for example preparations "Taiga", "Tabu", “ On a halt ”, cologne "Clove" and others, let out(released) by the industry can.
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Fires(Shives)

If have declared(announced) competition on the best tourist emblem, such emblem certainly could become a fire. More than that or - a fire!

In one solid edition where are collected all slivki tourist wisdom, it is told categorically and laconically: “ the Fire - the fitting for warming tourists, preparations of meal and drying of the got wet clothes ”, Even the convinced pragmatist, prochtja this definition, cannot feel interest to tourism. To be warmed, cook food and to dry clothes it is possible also at home.
The fire is more, than fire.
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Lodging for the night without tent

The years(summer) improvised shelters for a halt or a lodging for the night can be built from improvised materials. The improvised tent can be made of a polyethylene film thrown through a cord, 1-1,5 m tense at height between trees, with, that the roof was formed dvuskatnaja. From end faces of edge of Membranula(film) turn vnahlest and strengthen. In the form of an awning, odnoskatnogo or dvuskatnogo (depending on the sizes of a material, height of a suspension bracket, quantity(amount) of people) it is possible to make shelter also of a polyethylene film, kalandrirovannogo Capronum, a thin canvas and other materials (fig. 5). By means of an awning it is possible to protect a fire from a rain and a wind also.
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The installation and the equipment of tents

The platform for the equipment(installation) of tent should be horizontal. As a last resort heads laying should be above legs(foots). In mountains a platform it is possible to level, stacking flat stones.

The chosen place clear of stones, branches, trample down a snow in the winter or clear of it(him), depending on its(his) depth and density. At a wind tent put so that the wind blew in a back wall. The input(entrance) is desirable for focusing on the open place - a forest edge, the river, lake - it is better on the east or on the south.
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The organization of tourist parking

Travellers spend on halts about two thirds of marching time, that is the most part of a route is necessary on parking.

The tourist camp is a place of a halt where travellers have a rest, eat, spend the night, prepare for the further way; it is base camp at the radial organization of a route; this shelter from a bad weather, is a fire, the center, the center of dialogue, comprehension passed(taken place) and planning of a forthcoming way. The camp is a house in which we live during a hike.

On duration part small halts (for rest(tour), changings clothes, reconditioning), lunch halts, lodgings for the night, dnevki.
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TWO WORDS TO THE READER

Knowledge of native land, all distant and greater(big) travel begin at a threshold of the native house, in vicinities(environs) of the city, settlement, village - with small hikes of the day off. In them formation of the tourist-person, the versatile and harmoniously developed, present(true) citizen and the patriot of the native land begins. Inherent to tourism appreciable, but exercise stresses in regular intervals distributed(allocated) in time promote strengthening of health of the tourist, and the life on the nature allows to get useful skills and skills - quickly to make fire, to cook food, correctly to be guided, move on a dense forest, impassability, to float by a boat or to a raft on porozhistym to the rivers, to spend the night in the winter in a forest, successfully to resist to a bad weather. In a tourist hike the conscious discipline and persistence, skill to overcome difficulty in collective work - the qualities so necessary for everyone in a public life is developed(produced). Tourism, hikes as anything else, satisfy aspiration to novelty, singularity, to searches, romanticism, self-knowledge and self-improvement of the person.
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Crimean Legend - The Grave of Mamay

Mamay khan
In the Crimea, in an extreme antiquity there lived a man who wanted at any price to dominate over the whole world.

He made his home out of the town Kafa. The live of an ordinary man did'n suit him and he nursed a thought to seize Kafa. To achieve his aim Mamay began to select people thirsting for glory and easy money. When there were a great number of adherents Mamay ordered them to conceal in the town being ready for seizing and wait for his signal.

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Crimean Legend - Maiden's tower in Sudak

daughter of an archont
On a high rocky mountainside in Sudak one can see the remains of the fortress. Up to now, walls and defence towers, temples and castles, where Genoese consuls of medieval Sugdeya lived, were preserved. On the very top of the mountain there is a lonely tower. The steep path with tracks of steps, broken up in the rock, leads to the tower. They say, that in ancient times, this tower already existed, and a daughter of an archont lived in it. She was the most beautiful girl in Tavrida. They say, Diophant, the best general of Mitridat, the Pontian tzar, was vainly striving for her hand.
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Crimean Legend - Rocks the Wonder

monk and a cat
Once upon a time when the South coast was covered by thick forest but the villages were already joined by narrow paths there.

Among lonely rocks of Simeiz lived a solitary hermit. This man did much harm to other people in his time. For many years he burned towns and villages, killed helpless old men, women and children. Especially there were a lot of girls he raped and saled in slavery.

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Crimean Legend - Hikiya - the heroine of Hersonnes

Crimea Hersones
There was the time when the chief arkhont Lamah ruled the prosperous Hersonnes. Hikiya was the only daughter of Lamah.

At the same time the neighbouring country Bospor was ruled by king Asandr who could do nothing but to think of the wealth of Hersonnes. He had failed to seize Hersonnes by force and now resorted to cunning. He offered his son to marry Hikiya in hope that after Lamah's death the power over Hersonnes would be given to next-of-kin Hikiya and after her to his son.

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Crimean Legend - Healing lakes

ukrainian cossack
Hey, you, strong horses, Cossack horses! Rush along quicker than acute Tatar arrows, pass the wind! Carry on wounded slaves to cherry gardens, to native dawns and waters of Dnepr...

Brave Zaporozhian Cossacks rushed along Crimean steppe, burn't by the broiling sun. And anxious thoughts were flying back. There, near foul Gezliov fire was still hooting, died sworn brothers had not got cold yet. A lot of them had lied down that day in the city of grief, the city of slavery.

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Crimean Legend - Pont Aksinsky and Pont Euksinsky

Crimean eagles
It was many years ago. Proud and peaceable tribe of the mountain dwellers inhabited Tavrida. They never attacked anybody and nobody attacked them. Those mountain dwellers comprehended how to grow fragrant sweet grapes, fruit trees and roses on the mountain slopes.

There was a lot of game in the mountain forests. But the mountain dwellers did not trespass their weapons and used their bows only when they needed food. The mountain village enriched with every year...

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Crimean Legend - The golden shore

Crimea Ship
People lived near the shores of worried sea-giant, near mountains, covered with green foam of herbes. That southern land was famous for it's amazing nature, innumerable wealth, but people lived there in poverty and were deeply unhappy. They were tormented under the oppression of Turkish conquerors for a long time. The ruller of Yalta, Akhmed-Aga made the dependent suffer a lot. He wanted to be the richest of the rich, stronger of the strongest. The groan of the sufferers made the sea grow dark and the mountains shivered in rage...
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Crimean Legend - Why the Black Sea turbulent is

Arrow
Long ago it was...The fairy-tale bogatyr lived in the world, he had an unheard strength and unseen courage. And he had an amazing arm - it was a fairy-tale arrow. It possessed the magic property. In the place where it was flowing the air was blazing up, the water started to boil, the ground was melting and everything alive was dying. It was a dreadful arm! Fortunately it was in reliable hands. Bogatyr was sensible and just man, he did not take the fiery arrow without any need. He did not encroach on the other countries and the enemies were afraid to attack his native land.
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Crimean Legend - The origin of Yalta

Seaman
Long ago Konstantinopol, the capital of the Byzantian Empire sent several ships in search for the new fertile lands. The voyage was not easy, as Pont Aksinsky - the Black Sea met the sailors by the storms and tempests. But when the tempest died away peoples' fate was not relieved. The thick fog covered the waves, it covered horizon and the sea. Many days the sailors roamed in uncertainty. There was neither fresh water nor food. Weakened and tired, people lost courage and waited for death...
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Crimean Legend - The cornelian cherry - shaitan's berry

Shaitan
When Allah created the world and having done such a responsible work, was having a rest, the blessed spring came. The trees were green, buds were coming out, flowers appeared.Then all the living beings stretched to the heavenly blossoming gardens and a great noise arose. Somebody grabs one, the other pulls another, everybody is quarrelling, cursing.Allah couldn't bear all that, rose from his place and started bringing order. He called everybody and said:

- I order you to choose one plant and then you will just use it. Think properly, come to me and ask...

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Crimean Legend - Queen Feodora

Queen Feodora
Long long ago it was, much water has flowed under the bridge since then, but the legend of the splendid and steadfast beauty Feodora - the queen of the Sugdeya was handed on by folk-memory from generation to generation. Feodora took a celibate vow in order to focus her energies at blessing of her kingdom.

Since her childhood Feodora grew up together with two twins - Irakley and Konstantin, the sons of one of the local princes. With age their childish attachment to Feodora turned into a deep feeling of love. Competition in love caused to quarrel the brothers.

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Crimean Legend - Origin of Bahchisarai

Snakes
Once the son of khan Mengli-Girey went on hunting. It was a successful day for hunting as a lot of foxes, hares and 3 wild goats were hunted down. The son of the khan wanted to be alone. He sent the slaves with the prey away to the fortress, penetrated into the thicket, jumped off the horse and set on the stump near the Churuck-Su river. Suddenly he heard a rustle. A snake crawled out of the bushes. Another snake followed it. A death skirmish began... One snake, biten and broken down, stopped resistance and hung it's head. The third snake hurried to a fighting field. It threw over the winner and a new slaughter began.
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Crimean Legend - Stones in the valley of Kacha

Zyuleika
There lived a girl in a village, her name was Zyuleika. She had everithing: she was beautiful, kind-hearted, and clear minded. Zyuleika lived with her mother, a poor widow. Terrible Topal-bey lived in the valley not far from Zyuleika. But he was fearful by anything exept his two sons. They were lazy, greedy and evil. All around trembled with fear. The brothers scored villages during dark nights, burst in settler's houses, took everithing expensive with themselves, took away the girls. And none of them went out alive from Topal-bey's castle.
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Crimean Legend - Fountain of tears in Bahchisaray

Fountain of tears in Bahchisaray
Khan Crim-Girey was severe and fierce man, nobody was spared by him. He never felt sorry for anybody. He ascended his throne having gone through the mass of dead bodies. Power and glory replaced everything for him - love, tenderness and even money. Khan Crim-Girey was said to have no heart in his chest. But one day khan had found himself in the twilight of his years, he had grew old, his heart had weakened and, suddenly, love came into it.
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Crimean Legend - Alexander, the prince of Mangup

prince of Mangup
The mountains, not far from Bahchisaray, are wonderously beautiful. They fascinate the human's gaze with their dizzy precipices and magnificent forests.In old times on the flat top of mountain Mangup there was a city - the capital of principality Feodoro.

Once, the prince of feodorites, feeling that the evening of his life was not far off, ordered to call his heir - his son Alexander. And the prince met his son with such words:...

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Crimean Legend -Adalary twin-cliffs

Winged Horse
Once upon a time there was a gorgeous castle on the top of Mount Bear. Twin-brothers lived there in harmony, fought side-by-side, protecting each other. The princes had an faithful servant - old Nimpholis. One day Nimpholis gave each of the brothers a nacreous casket and said :

- You will the comprehend the secret of life, you will learn how the world is arranged. But remember, never use this gift for mercenary motives! Only for the joy of knowledge...

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Crimean Legend - Seven wells

Seven wells
People do not remember by whom and when seven wells were digged out in steppe. They tell only how water went away. There have already been seven wells when an old German man bought this land. In this waterless area it was such a custom that the master of the wells gave water to people free of charge. The old German did not break the custom and his housekeeping was prospering. He brought up seven sons. And only the youngest son, Fritz, when he has grown up, began to reproach his father with why he was giving water free of charge, when he could take money for it.
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Crimean Legend - The mermaid and the fountain near Miskhor

The mermaid and the fountain near Miskhor
Once upon a time there lived a modest toiler Abiy-Aka in the village of Miskhor. He has a daughter, a dark-eyed beauty Arzy. Her stature was lithe and slender, like a vine, her bright lips glowed like ripe cherries and her delicate cheeks were rosy like velvety peaches. Everybody admired charming Arzy, but a cunning old man, Ali-Baba by name looked at her more attentively than anyone else. The old Turk was notorious for kidnapping beautiful girls and sending them to Stambul for sale to the Turks' harems.
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Crimean Legend - Bear-Mountain

Crimean Legend - Bear-Mountain
In far-off days right on the coast there settled a herd of enormous beasts. An old and formidable bear was their leader.Once the bears returned after their raid and found wreckages of a ship on the coast. There was a packet among them. The leader had unwrapped it and saw a little girl. The girl began to live among the bears.

The years went by, she was growing up, and turned into a beautiful young girl...

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Crimean Legend - Spring near Ai-Petri

Spring near Ai-Petri
Between Alupka and Miskhor on the bank of the mountain river Hasta-bash in ancient times an old man and an old woman were living the rest of their days. The only thought that worried them was where to get money to make decent funerals.The old man decided to go to the forest in the mountains for several times, gather dry sticks, sell them on the market and buy everything they needed for the funerals.
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Crimean Legend - Kara-Dag - the Black Mountain

Crimean Legend - Kara-Dag - the Black Mountain
Long long ago there in the entrails of Kara-Dag - The Black Mountain dwelled a terrible Monster - one-eyed Giant-Ogre. In the day-time the Giant used to sleep, but even his peaceful snoring frightened the dwellers of surrounding hamlets. Towards the evening the Giant would wake up and got out of his lair. Menacingly flashing with his single-eye, he would begin to bellow deafeningly.
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Crimean Legend - The Thousandheaded cave on Chatyr-Dag

Crimean Legend - The Thousandheaded cave on Chatyr-Dag
Long long ago it was, much water has flowed under the bridge since well-armed throngs of nomads have rushed to the South coast of the Crimea.

Dwellers of the South coast being anaware of violence had found themselves in servitude. Cruel enslavers deprived the hard-working people of everything: of freedom, honour, fruit of their labour. During three years the enslavers were ruling with impunity in the south villages. But people's patience was exhausted. Once the most brave people gathered together to think of casting off the hateful yoke...

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Crimean Legend - Long fortress

Golden Elephant
It has happened in Kerch steppe many-many years ago. In that time the Crimea was already famous for its wheat.

Once upon a time a merchant nicknamed Golden Elephant appeared in the Crimean peninsula. He was of large stature, had thick arms and legs like an elephant and his nose was as long as a trunk. His boxes were stuffed with gold accumulated during long years of money-grabbings. Golden Elephant began to construct a building on a cape of Kazantip. Thousands of poor people were constructing this building. The merchant's answer to curious persons was:..

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Crimean Legend - The ruins of Castle on the Krestovaya Mountain

Two tribes lived in the Crimea long ago. People, who inhabited the shore, were occupied with garden cultivation and catching fish in the sea. People, who lived in the forest, were busy with hunting and stock-breeding.

There was no agreement between the coastal and forest people. They were often at war with each other. But forest people were the winners more often than the coastal ones. Having been hardened in hunting, they were more brave, more lively and more enduring.The ruller of the forest people had a son - an heir, a brave and persistant youth. He had his tutor, a slave. He told the youth about the life of other people, that the ruller of the coastal people had a daughter of uncommon beauty.

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Crimean Legend - The blacksmith from Demerdji

The blacksmith from Demerdji
The hordes of nomads - the conquerors rushed into the Crimean land long ago. The inhabitants of the Crimea were not submitted to the newcomes, they exterminated a lot of uninvited guests. The more the conquerors moved deeper into the peninsula, the much need in arms the inhabitants had.And they came to the mountain, which name was Funna - the Smoking Mountain. The neighbouring inhabitants were famous for their blacksmith's skill.
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